Frederik Plöger/Ursula Reitemeyer
Discourse and Dialogue Regarding Class

“Mahloquet” – the talmud- dialogue between jews
Looking at the global map of school systems we can point out two main drifts: one favours the common school education for all scholars under one roof until to grade 10[1], the other one adheres to the position of differentiation after the elementary school and sends the scholars to low-, middle- and high levelled schools[2]. Both positions argue in the name of individualization. The represents of common education say that it needs time to figure out the scholar’s specific abilities and interests which can’t be done before the young person oneself has evolved wishes regarding the future or has evolved a concrete will of what to do in future. The proponents of a multiple-unit school system say that only early separation makes a kind of individual teaching possible that nurtures and challenges.
Although both positions seem to be contrary they agree to the necessity of individual teaching in classes, that means they agree on a fundamental but not always self-speaking principle that teaching in class, no matter if the lesson transports knowledge or values, is only successful, if the scholar is acknowledged as an individual self that stands above the standards of learning and above the standards of curriculum contents. Does on the other hand the standard rule the process of learning by determining the given study time and the study objects, the scholars might be able to collect certain knowledge and to reproduce it in form of tests. But most of the knowledge is often forgotten directly after the examination. That means that the way of learning at school is more or less not combined with a long-time effect, except some basic cultural techniques like reading, writing and arithmetic[3].
The long-term effect of knowledge however we do strictly connect with the idea of Bildung, with the idea of a study process that first of all is bounded to the principle of autonomy (Selbsttätigkeit) and does secondly give structures to assemble partial knowledge to a whole[4]. Such a process of engaged learning (which requires a student’s statement like: “I will learn” instead of the teacher’s order “You shall learn”) is not aimed at expert knowledge but at contextual thinking, impartial judgement and social competence. All these listed goals of school education express the idea that real and deeper education is not only about how to compete economically and habitually in a highly competitive society or about how to become happy. Furthermore real education stands in the horizon of a (morally) improving mankind, in other words in the horizon of assuming responsibility for the alter-ego and for the future generations.
A learning process stands under principles of self-thinking and morality, since no constitutional state can exist without politically mature citizens or beyond the acknowledgment of human rights. Respect towards the alter-ego and active solidarity with the weak is the condition and the indicator of the existence of constitutional state. That’s why political participation and social competence are central subjects of school education and that’s why the state is responsible for the educational infrastructure, since the state – quoting Rousseau – is much more interested in raising citizens than for instance the parents[5] who themselves might be too uneducated, too selfish or, spoken with Marx, too much under economic pressure to teach respect for the law or how to participate in the political discourse[6]. Seen from that point of view school first of all has to compensate deficits of family education for the sake of the constitutional state (common law) and last not least for the sake of reason[7].
If the main duty of school education is teaching the scholars how to politically participate and how to act in mutual respect, then it needs a specific teaching method which is based on the free will and mutual respect. We call this method the dialogical discursive method to indicate two levels of teaching: the level of empathy between teacher and scholar, in terms of Buber the level between “I and You” (dialogue), and the level of subject-orientation and problem-based approach (discourse).
Translated into the pedagogic context of class teaching it means that the scholar first of all has to be respected as a dialogue partner, as an equal among equals. The scholar may know less about certain subjects, but that does not allow the teacher to treat him like a subject or to humiliate him. Since the teacher is generally well grounded in his field, so he knows what is important to know, he stands ideally at both sides of the scholar’s learning process: at the beginning where no knowledge is and at the end where all the collected information become a self-reflecting knowledge, a knowledge which reflects itself as a never ending process.
„Aber, in wie vertrauter Gegenseitigkeit des Gebens und Nehmens er (der Lehrer) auch sonst mit seinem Zögling verknüpft ist, die Umfassung kann hier (im pädagogischen Verhältnis) keine gegenseitige sein. Er erfährt das Erzogenwerden des Zöglings, aber der kann das Erziehen des Erziehers nicht erfahren. Der Erzieher steht and beiden Enden der gemeinsamen Situation, der Zögling nur an einem“.[8]
Furthermore class teaching should be problem-based to deepen knowledge by deepening the process of learning. We have to widen unconnected faculty teaching to problem-based and interdisciplinary subject teaching. That means according to the principles of a successful discourse[9] that at first all the participants of the discourse have to speak in a language that everybody understands which is not taken for granted in multilingual classes. Secondly it is necessary that everybody who is willing to join the discourse has the same access and the same right to suggest a theme, to define one’s position or to argue against or for a certain point of view. Thirdly the discourse can only take part, if all of the participants are willing to tell the truth as well as they know it, so they do not hold back facts and information. This search for truth fourthly expresses the will of the participants to get to an agreement on the basis of information exchange which includes the admission that none of the speakers, not even the teacher, knows the whole truth.
Fig.1 Model of dialogical discursive teaching
In the wider pedagogic context we can theoretically distinguish dialogue and discourse by defining education as a dialogical relationship and Bildung, in the meaning of academic education, as a discursive process[10]. Practically we cannot distinguish both spheres so easily, since educational teaching implies both sides. We can probably say that teaching in elementary schools requires more dialogue between teacher and scholar based on the principle of immediate encounter[11] and that teaching in high schools requires more discursive structures in terms of sharing and exchanging knowledge. But as long as the discourse takes part in a teaching and learning situation – in a way every real discourse searching for truth is structured like that, but not every discourse is pedagogical – it is essentially formed by the immediate encounter between teacher and scholar. Teaching with only love for the matter but without love for the scholar who has to be respected as a purpose in itself, no matter how educated, clever or assimilated the scholar might be, would not be real teaching but instruction or indoctrination. So it needs the pedagogic embracing[12] to not only instruct the student but to teach him how to learn that means how to get to knowledge even on one’s own.
The teacher at general-education schools is dancing at two wedding parties at the same time. He is supposed to pre-qualify the students for their future professional existence and to make them participant of the political discourse. Regarding the requests of the employment market he must obey to the logic of selection, regarding the requests of the constitutional state, which needs citizens, the teacher has to follow the logic of integration. Excluding certain student segments from well paid jobs with the help of standardized tests and including all of them in the civil society as citizens with the same rights is not only a contradiction in itself but also hard to communicate. The teacher executing this double character of school to qualify the students for the competitive economic system as well as for the active and solidary participation in the constitutional state sits necessarily between the chairs and cannot remove this contradiction. But he can decide to either suffer from the burn-out syndrome or to reform school from inside which means in class. The teacher can decide to give up teaching by rolling up his program on the basis of routine or to put the process of learning into the focus of his teaching. At the end the teacher decides, if the curriculum or the search for truth rules the learning- and teaching process, and it is the teacher who must decide between standardization and individualisation, since the scholar cannot and depends on the teacher’s input – the more the younger the scholar is.
Fig. 2 The ambivalence of school
In fact educational teaching cannot be standardized, because everybody learns differently and no individual is in line with the average. So teaching every scholar as an individual is an irreducible principle of teaching itself or it is not teaching but mass-indoctrination. That means teaching is essentially based on a personal and interpersonal, on a unique and non-reversible relationship between teacher and scholar and is not based on instrumental reason which is at home only in the world of the “It”, never in the world between “I” and “You”
“Ich nehme etwas wahr. Ich empfinde etwas. Ich stele etwas cor. Ich will etwas.. Ich fühle etwas. Ich denke etwas. Aus alledem und seinesgleichen allein besteht das Leben des Menschenwesens nicht. All dies und seinesgleichen zusammen gründet das reich des Es. … Wer Du spricht, hat kein Etwas zum Gegenstand. … Wer Du spricht hat kein Etwas, hat nichts. Aber er steht in Beziehung.“ [13]
Of course it needs infrastructural and administrative support from the world of the “It” to make teaching happen in the sphere of “I” and “You”. It needs instrumental reason to not only make the school and teaching work but also the modern societies. It also needs instruction to transfer technological knowledge which is absolutely necessary to solve existential problems. So pleading for “immediate encounter” between teacher and scholar, pleading for more education than instruction in pedagogic situations, does not deny the importance of positive knowledge. It just says that the communication of positive knowledge does not cover all of the pedagogic acting. Students have also to learn how to criticize which means how to look at positions, facts and numbers from the outside perspective, as if they themselves would not be involved. That is the perspective of reasonable judgement putting into question one’s own point of view to prevent prejudices and dogmatism[14]. How to learn criticism if not at school, which represents an outside perspective to the immediate lived-in-world (no matter how much the school becomes a big part of the immediate lived-in-world itself for the scholar after a couple of years of school attendance)? How to learn taking part in a public discourse, if not practicing it in a public room? How to learn learning, if not in an individual dialogical situation? Isn’t the dialogue the basic structure of the political discourse and wasn’t it Socrates who pointed out the deep connection between dialogical discursive teaching and the widening of knowledge?
So why do we standardize the knowledge, the teaching and the students? We standardize, because we think that standards would regulate the natural anarchy of human life. We fear that individualization leads to arbitrariness, that everybody fights against everybody and that we end up in a permanent war of individual interests[15]. But dialogic discursive teaching does not only mean to make an own statement i. e. to just express one’s private and subjective interest. Taking part in a discourse also means to put the single interest into a relation with a common interest, in other words to find out the common will whose tendency is naturally the agreement and not a never ending conflict or war.
There is a big chance that specific qualifications demanded by the employment market will be automatically co-produced as a side effect, when we start to teach problem-orientated. It needs time to ask questions and even more time to answer them. In a way it may look like a loss of qualification time, when giving a lot of space for discussions while on the other hand the full “truth” could be communicated in just thirty minutes. In reality however problem-oriented, discursive teaching saves time, because the students learn to judge reasonably. A reasonable judgement is as much a condition of scientific cognition as of political participation, so it should naturally be the first goal of school education. Individual teaching in this sense means nothing else than the de-standardization of teaching. Principally seen individual teaching describes a permanent dialogue between teacher and scholar and its educational goal is discourse competence.
Beside the almost trivial outcome that teaching happens either in individualized dialogues or it does not happen at all, we have to state that our schools do not serve the teaching but the training. Schools have become the training camps of the future working generation and practice social engineering by working as the “riddle screen of the society”[16]. At the end we have to decide, whether we want to have schools or educational institutes, whether we want to raise self-standing citizens or small system elements.
Maybe it needs an international effort to widen not only the access to deeper knowledge but to also free the schools from the selection pressure. Liberated schools and teachers would know how to raise future citizens, schools and teachers under the systematic pressure of standardization even fail to produce basic skills. If we do not reform our schools from inside, if we do not reform our teaching methods in terms of democratizing the teaching itself, no educational reform will happen, just administration reforms.
So it is the teacher and nobody else who reforms teaching. If the teacher does not take care of the learning process and the learning students, nobody will do. Looking at the crisis of public education time is running out to transfer and widen the knowledge which will be needed to solve the global problems like overpopulation, world hunger and increasing poverty. Only technically and morally educated people will be able to face the complexity and to work on these problems of existential meaning. The reform of the public education is – pathetically said – the key of mankind’s survival, because there is no mankind, no self-reflecting history anymore beyond the constitutional state. The way back to jungle or paradise is locked, so we have to go forward whether we like it or not.
[1] Although many of the modern western societies have a kind of double-standard of school education separating children in private and public schools from the beginning on, there is no further selection after the elementary phase in “lower” or “higher” types of school education up to grade 10.
[2] This system of public school education is still practiced in Germany and Austria in opposite to the results of the developmental psychology which is pretty sure that the specific abilities of children i. e. the full individual potential of each child can’t be recognized at the age of 10-12.
[3] Regarding the increasing rate of illiteracy also in the modern western societies and here especially in the industry metropolises doubts come up about the school’s function to at least communicate basic skills for everybody.
[4] Neither the term Bildung nor the term Selbsttätigkeit can be correctly translated into English. Both terms are deeply connected with the traditional German understanding of education as an all-embracing process of self-creation with a strong emphasis on moral education. Maybe the Greek term paideia is the term which gets as close as possible to this universal sense of Bildung differing in only one (but decisive) point that the Greeks acquired paideia through leisure (lived-in-world orientation), whereas the Germans understand Bildung first of all as a working process on terms, theories and forms (formal orientation).
[5] Cp. J. J. Rousseau: Von der Ökonomie des Staates (1755). In: Frühe Schriften. Ed. by W. Schröder. Berlin 1985.
[6] Cp. K. Marx: Das Kapital. Marx-Engels-Werke. Berlin 1975, p 514.
[7] As much as the common will is not destroyable following Rousseau’s construct of the constitutional state (cp. J. J. Rousseau: Du Contrat Social ou Principes du Droit Politiques, 1762, ed. by V. H. Dehnhardt u. W. Bahner. Leipzig 1988, Liv. IV. 4), as much the reason is a fact in Kant’s understanding and can’t be denied (Cp. I. Kant: Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1787. In: Kants gesammelte Schriften. Hrsg. Von der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin 1902-23, Bd. IV, 1. T. 1. B. 1. H. § 7). So reason, morals and the common will would even exist in a society of devils, because the disrespect of the law proves its existence and its pre-discursive truth. In other words: the acknowledgment of reason is the basic condition of the political discourse or the constitutional state and their result of it as well.
[8] Cp. M. Buber: Über das Erzieherische (1925). In: Reden über Erziehung. Heidelberg 1987, p 44.
[9] Cp. J. Habermas: Wahrheitstheorien. In: Wirklichkeit und Reflexion. Walter Schulz zum 60. Geburtstag. Hrsg. v. H. Fahrenbach. Pfullingen 1973.
[10] Cp. U. Reitemeyer: Diskurs und Dialog im bildenden Unterricht. In: Philosophie und Bildung. Ed. by V. Steenblock, E. Martens und Ch. Gefert. Münster 2005.
[11] The term „immediate encounter“ is the translation of Buber’s term „unmittelbare Begegnung“ (between I and You). Cp. M. Buber: Ich und Du (1923). In: Das dialogische Prinzip. Heidelberg 1979, p 14-15. „Die Gestalt, die mir entgegentritt, kann ich nicht erfahren und nicht beschreiben, nur verwirklichen kann ich sie. … Das Du begegnet mir von Gnaden – durch Suchen wird es nicht gefunden. … Das Du begegnet mir. Aber ich trete in die unmittelbare Beziehung mit ihm. So ist die Beziehung Erwähltwerden und Erwählen, Passion und Aktion in einem. … Alles wirkliche Leben ist Begegnung.“
[12] Buber understands the principle of pedagogic embracing as a constitutive principle of an educational relationship par excellence in opposite to other relationships which only refer to “embracing” as a regulative idea. Cp. Rede über das Erzieherische. L. c. p 43.
[13] Cp. M. Buber: Ich und Du. L. c. p 8
[14] Cp. Kant’s preface of “The Criticism of Pure Reason”. In: Kants Gesammelte Schriften. L. c. Vol. III, B XII-XIII.
[15] We can specify this fear as the Hobbes-syndrome who indirectly i. e. unintentionally described the civil society as a bellum omnium contra omnes. Cp. Th. Hobbes: Leviathan (1651). Hrsg. v. M. Disselhorst. Stuttgart 1980, Chap. XIII. Cp. as well Rousseau’s criticism of Hobbes’ state theory in the first part of his second discourse. J. J. Rousseau: Discours sur L’Origine et les Fondaments de L’inégalité parmi les Hommes (1755). In: Schriften. Hrsg. von H. Ritter. Frankfurt 1988. Bd. I.
[16] This term (in German: “Rüttelsieb der Gesellschaft”) has been created by A. Scheunpflug: Evolutionäre Didaktik. In: Die Deutsche Schule. 5. Beiheft. Weinheim 1999, p 183.

